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Diamond Chair

Untitled stainless steel wires set in artist’s concrete base with aluminum trim by Harry Bertoia, 1965, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden (Washington, D. C.)
Harry Bertoia (b. March 10, 1915 in San Lorenzo, Pordenone, Italy. d. November 6, 1978 in Barto, Pennsylvania, United States, Obituary piece was an Italian-born artist and modern furniture designer.
At the age of 15 he traveled from Italy to Detroit to visit his older brother, however he chose to stay and enrolled in Cass Technical High School, where he studied art and design and learned the art of handmade jewelry making. In 1938 he attended the Art School of the Detroit Society of Arts and Crafts, now known as the College for Creative Studies. The following year in 1937 he received a scholarship to study at the Cranbrook Academy of Art where he encountered Walter Gropius, Edmund N. Bacon and Ray and Charles Eames for the first time.
Opening his own metal workshop in 1939 he taught jewelry design and metal work. Later, as the war effort made metal a rare and very expensive commodity he began to focus his efforts on jewelry making, even designing and creating wedding rings for Charles and Ray Eames and Edmund Bacon’s wife Ruth. Later in 1943, he married Brigitta Valentiner, and moved to California to work with Charles and Ray for the Evans Product Company. Evans provided technical work for airplane and medical equipment. Bertoia was also drawing training manuals. At this point they began to experiment with molded plywood under the auspices of their Plyformed Products Company, which was later bought out by Evans. With Eero Saarinen they developed a method for making molded plywood splints that would later evolve into processes for designing furniture. Bertoia remained as part of their staff, working on a variety of projects. He is informally credited with creating the metal spine/leg structure of the Eames Plywood Dining & Lounge chairs (DCM/LCM) Three years later he split with the Eames, concerned that his work was not receiving due credit, and preferring to work with metal rather than wood. In the same year he finally became a US citizen.
In 1950, he moved to Pennsylvania, to establish a studio, and to work with Hans and Florence Knoll. (Florence was also a Cranbrook Graduate). During this period he designed five wire pieces that became known as the Bertoia Collection for Knoll. Among them the famous ‘Diamond chair’ a fluid, sculptural form made from a molded lattice work of welded steel.
In Bertoia’s own words, “If you look at these chairs, they are mainly made of air, like sculpture. Space passes right through them.”
They were produced with varying degrees of upholstery over their light grid-work, and they were handmade because a suitable mass production process could not be found. Unfortunately, the chair edge utilized two thin wires welded on either side of the mesh seat. This design had been granted a patent to the Eames for the wire chair produced by Herman Miller. Herman Miller took Knoll to court on the grounds that they were taking wrongful credit for a bent-wire technique owned by the Eames. Herman Miller eventually won and Bertoia & Knoll redesigned the seat edge, using a thicker, single wire, and grinding down the edge of the seat wires at a smooth angle - the same way the chairs are produced today. However, knowing that the Eames and Bertoia worked closely for so long, the “genealogy” of inspiration seems difficult and maybe even unnecessary to pin down.
Nonetheless, the commercial success enjoyed by Bertoia’s diamond chair was immediate and in the mid-50’s the chairs, being produced by Knoll, sold so well, that the royalties he received for them allowed him to devote himself exclusively to sculpture. In 1957 he was a fellow at the Graham Foundation in Chicago. The sculptural work that he produced on his own explored the ways in which metal could be manipulated to produce sound. By stretching and bending the metal, he made it respond to wind or to touch, creating different tones.
He performed with the pieces in a number of concerts and even produced a series of nine albums, all entitled “Sonambient”, of the music made by his art, manipulated by his hands along with the elements of nature. In the late 1990s his daughter found a large collection of NM condition original albums stored away in one of the barns that he used as studio space on his property in Pennsylvania. These were sold as collector’s items and fetched large sums, and four of the pieces, culled from three of the records were reissued by a Japanese record label called “P.S.F. Records” entitled “Unfolding” after the names of one of the tracks on catalog #F/W 1024, which also had a track each from F/W #1025 and F/W #1032.
The Addison Gallery of American Art (Andover, Massachusetts), the Brooklyn Museum (New York City), the Cleveland Museum of Art, the Detroit Institute of Arts, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden (Washington D.C.), the Honolulu Academy of Arts, the Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art (Kansas City, Missouri), the Nasher Sculpture Center (Dallas, Texas), the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Reading Public Museum (Reading, Pennsylvania)], the Smithsonian American Art Museum (Washington D.C.), the Vero Beach Museum of Art (Vero Beach, Florida), and the Walker Art Center (Minneapolis, Minnesota) are among the public collections holding work by Harry Bertoia. His “Sounding Sculpture” can be found in the plaza of The Aon Center, Chicago’s second tallest building. Another “Sounding Sculpture”, considerably smaller than the one mentioned above, is featured in the Rose Terrace of the Chicago Botanic Garden, and a third very similar to the piece in Chicago called “Sounding Piece” was until 2003 on display at the Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. As explained in October3, 1995 piece in the weekly “Dear Uncle Ezra” column of the university newspaper:
Dear Uncle Ezra,
What is that sound coming from the Johnson Museum? It’s a pingy type sound that I guess could be some kind of wind chime but it seems like it’s coming from the building itself.
Just wondering
Dear Chiming In,
Well, it almost is coming from the building itself. What you hear is “Sounding Piece”, a sculpture by Harry Bertoia that permanently resides on the sculpture court (outdoor balcony) on the second floor of the Johnson Museum. The chimes sway back and forth on tall rods and “ping” or “gong” into each other (depending on which chime and how hard they collide) when winds move them. It’s one of my all-time favorites, well worth a visit if you haven’t seen it. You can go out on to the sculpture court until at least the end of October. Once winter sets in, the chimes are secured so that they won’t snap in the windy, icy weather.
Uncle Ezra
The sculpture was taken off view after it was damaged in a storm in 2003.
Trivia
Lists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. Please relocate any relevant information into appropriate sections or articles. (January 2009)
Bertoia was the sculptor commissioned to create the Marshall University fountain in Huntington, West Virginia, to honor the university’s football team in the wake of the plane crash that killed them on November 14, 1970. For more information on the disaster, see Marshall University air disaster.
He had a son and two daughters, a grandson and two granddaughters, and two great grandsons so far. Half of his offspring are artistic.
References
^ ” View images of Harry Bertoia’s design work ”
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Harry Bertoia
Harry Bertoia Research Project
Bertoia Studio
Marshall University Air Disaster Memorial Site (Harry Bertoia)
ArtCycloPedia.Com (Harry Bertoia Online)
…

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A competitor showing her Arabian in a 4-H showmanship class.
Showmanship is an event found at many horse shows. The class is also sometimes called “Fitting and Showmanship”, “Showmanship In-Hand”, “Showmanship at Halter” or “Halter Showmanship” It involves a person on the ground leading a horse, wearing a halter or bridle, through a series of maneuvers called a pattern. The horse itself is not judged on its conformation, it is merely a “prop” for the exhibitor to demonstrate his/her ability to groom and otherwise prepare the horse and then present it in the ring, exhibiting the animal to its best advantage.
Showmanship began as a component of 4-H competition for young people, to teach them how to present a horse in-hand. Over time, it expanded into most breed competition at regular horse shows as well and has become a highly competitive event with exacting standards at the highest level. Yet, it also remains a standard competition in 4-H and other schooling shows for beginners.
Most showmanship classes in the United States use western style horses, clothing and equipment; however, English styles are also seen, depending on the breed of horse. In some breed and open competitions, both English and Western handlers may appear in the same class.
Contents
1 Preparation
2 Training the showmanship horse
3 Equipment and clothing
4 Exhibition
5 See also
//
Preparation
See also: Mane (horse)and Horse grooming
The horse must be appropriately groomed and clipped, as the exhibitor is being judged on the ability to fit and show a horse “in hand.”
The horse is prepared months ahead of the event by being provided good nutrition to develop a healthy, shiny coat. Its hooves will be trimmed regularly by a farrier and kept balanced, smooth and neat. It will be brushed and otherwise groomed frequently to further promote a shiny coat and good overall health. The horse will also be exercised regularly, either in-hand or under saddle, to develop good muscle tone.
The day before the show, the horse will be bathed and hair on its mane, tail, legs and head trimmed or clipped to meet the style standard for the particular breed of horse. Often special conditioners are used on the hair to make it extra shiny or silky. While precise styles vary by breed, the hair on the horse’s lower legs, jaw, throat, ears, and around the eyes usually is closely clipped, the whiskers on the muzzle and sometimes the eyes are trimmed, and usually a “bridle path” is cut, removing a length of mane behind the ears where the crownpiece of the halter or bridle goes.
It is very important for competitors to be very familiar with the most minute grooming and style details for the breed of horse and style of tack and clothing they choose to use in the ring. A style required by one breed association may be considered illegal by another. Depending on the breed of the horse and the style of tack used, the mane might be braided, left loose, or “banded” (having small rubber bands put around small sections of a short mane at the roots in order to help it lay down). Horses shown with loose, flowing manes sometimes have their manes put into 5 or 6 large braids the night before, taken out just before the class and brushed to give an attractive, wavy appearance.
Tails of horses shown in hunt seat style may be French braided at the dock in classic show hunter style. Some breeds allow false hairpieces to be added to a tail, other breeds prohibit fake tails. Horses required to have naturally long tails sometimes have them kept “up” when not showing, the long hairs braided up to the bottom of the dock, then the braid rolled up, with a bandage or old sock put around the hair to keep it from breaking off and to keep the tail clean. When taken down and brushed out, a tail kept in this manner is wavy and flowing in the ring. If kept up at all other times, a tail may grow so long that it drags on the ground.
On the day of the show, shortly before it goes into the ring, the horse is not only groomed to remove every possible speck of dirt, but it will usually have polish applied to its hooves, a light oil or conditioner placed on its muzzle, around the eyes, and other strategic areas of the head to accent its best features, and usually have a light coat dressing sprayed on its entire body for a bit of last minute shine. While exhibitors in 4-H competition are expected to do this all themselves (and keep their show clothes clean in the process), exhibitors in open competition usually have a groom, often a parent or coach, assist them in this last-minute preparation.
Training the showmanship horse
The horse must be trained to respond instantly to any command by the handler. It must lead off promptly at a walk or trot, and stop immediately when asked. It must back up straight and quietly and learn to turn in a very tight circle from a walk and trot. The horse is also taught to “set up” — to place its feet in a position, usually square on all four legs, that best shows the conformation of its breed. Often the horse also needs to learn to hold its head and neck up in a certain flattering position as well. The horse has to learn to accept standing in the setup position for long periods of time without fidgiting or falling asleep, as showmanship classes often are very long, due to the fact that exhibitors work the pattern one at a time.
Equipment and clothing
Cleanliness and a professional, polished look to horse and exhibitor is crucial. The team must next conform to the standard style for showing the given breed of the horse. If a horse can be shown under saddle in either English or Western equipment, the handler may choose their style of equipment, but it cannot be mixed between the two styles.
The horse shown western style is required to wear a halter and be handled with a lead shank. This is usually a well-fitted leather halter with a slim leather lead shank. The width of the leather staps of the halter may be quite heavy or very refined, depending on the breed of the horse and what looks best on an individual animal. Some show rules allow a chain under the jaw of the horse to provide extra control, other times it is not. The handler may carry a whip when showing some breeds, but usually whips are not allowed.
The horse shown hunter style wears a proper English style bridle, with the handler either leading the horse by the reins or with a lead shank attached to the bit. The horse shown saddle seat style may, depending on breed, be shown either in a modified form of the bridle used in riding classes or in an extremely thin, refined leather or leatherlike halter.
The exhibitor, male or female, must wear pants, a shirt with a tie or brooch, and boots. Some show rules require a hat. Gloves are optional, but usually worn by winning exhibitors because the provide a better grip on the lead shank and give a polished look. Jackets or vests are also optional, but common. If the handler is showing English style, they wear the same jodhpurs or breeches and boots as they would wear in a riding class, with appropriate hunt seat or saddle seat hats, neckwear, and jackets. In a few breeds, showmanship exhibitors, both male and female, may instead choose to wear a business suit similar to what might be worn to an office or other white collar work setting. Western handlers may wear either western riding clothing or a business-style outfit, augmented by a cowboy hat and boots
This event has evolved over time. In years past, it was a common to see exhibitors clad simply in neatly starched denim jeans, a pressed white shirt, necktie, hat and boots. The horse was originally shown in a simple leather stable halter. While simple clothing and equipment is still mandated at some levels of 4-H competition, in open competition and sanctioned events for various breeds,…

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aternity Leave
Lost episode
Episodeno.
Season2Episode15
Written by
Dawn Lambertsen Kelly& Matt Ragghianti
Directed by
Jack Bender
Gueststars
Michael EmersonMira FurlanM.C. GaineyWilliam MapotherTania Raymonde
Productionno.
215
Originalairdate
March 1, 2006
Episode chronology
?Previous
Next?
“One of Them”
“The Whole Truth”
Lost (season 2)List of Lost episodes
“Maternity Leave” is the 39th episode of Lost. It is the fifteenth episode of the second season. The episode was directed by Jack Bender, and written by Dawn Lambertsen Kelly and Matt Ragghianti. It first aired on March 1, 2006 on ABC. The character of Claire Littleton is featured in the episode’s flashbacks.
Plot
Centric Character(s): Claire
Aaron has become ill with a rash and fever, and Claire sets off in the night to find Jack. Locke intercedes and goes instead of her. While Locke is gone, Rousseau appears and tells Claire that Aaron is “infected.” Claire has a flashback where she remembers being injected with a needle while pregnant. Kate sends Rousseau away, though Claire is now convinced that something is seriously wrong with Aaron.
Jack assures Claire that Aaron is fine and the fever will soon break, but Claire is unsure. She speaks to Libby, who helps her recall memories from the two weeks when she was abducted by an Other named Ethan Rom. Claire remembers what resembles a doctor’s office, and Ethan giving her injections. She was confused (apparently drugged) during this entire ordeal, and believed that she was still in Australia and about to leave for the United States.
She also remembers Ethan talking to “Mr. Friendly,” only without his beard and wild hair. “Mr. Friendly” tells Ethan he is unhappy that Claire was brought to the facility as the list had not been prepared, and that a higher authority will not be pleased. Ethan tells “Mr. Friendly” that the survivors had a passenger manifest and knew that he (Ethan) was not on the plane.
Claire enlists Kate to help her find Rousseau, and to find a vaccine she remembered from her memories, believing it is the cure for Aaron’s ailment. Claire asks Sun to take care of Aaron while she is away. Sun tells her that a mother should never leave her child. Claire asks Sun if she is a mother, and Sun replies “No”, agreeing to watch the baby.
Claire and Kate soon find Rousseau, who is puzzled by an increasingly irrational Claire. However, Rousseau takes Claire and Kate back to the place where Rousseau said she found Claire the night Claire returned to camp after her abduction. When she takes them there, Claire wants Rousseau to take her to the room with the vaccine and grows accusatory when Rousseau tells her she doesn’t know where the room is.
Claire suddenly notices a stump in the jungle that triggers another memory: of Ethan Rom talking to her about leaving the baby with his group, while she returns to camp. Ethan tells Claire that she does have a choice in the matter. Ethan gives Claire some water from a canteen, and she complains of the sour taste. Ethan tells Claire that her baby is one of the good ones.
Investigating further, the three women find a concealed bunker with the DHARMA logo on it. Unlike the swan symbol in the DHARMA logo on the Facility 3 bunker, the symbol on this bunker is a caduceus. Inside, all but one of the lights are out and the bunker appears to be abandoned. Claire finds rooms familiar to her memories, while Kate investigates another part of the bunker where she discovers a set of lockers. She opens one and discovers tattered clothes inside, as well as a box containing makeup, theatrical glue and a beard all parts of the disguise worn by “Mr. Friendly” in her previous encounter with him.
Claire locates the refrigerator where she remembered the vaccine being stored: it is now empty. She has a flashback of a young teenaged girl who rescues her from the bunker, telling Claire that the other members of her group plan to take the baby and kill Claire. Rousseau then leaves, telling Claire that she is “not the only one who didn’t find what they were looking for.” Claire finds a bootie she crocheted last time she was there and puts it in her pack.
Back in the jungle, Claire has one final flashback where she remembers that Rousseau aided her escape, and was not part of the group that kidnapped her. She asks Rousseau about the baby that the Others took from her sixteen years ago. Claire asks if the child was a girl to which Rousseau replies, “Yes, a girl, Alex, Alexandra.” Claire then tells Rousseau that a teenaged girl with blue eyes helped her escape: “She wasn’t like the others. She was good.” Rousseau, on the verge of tears, then warns Claire that if Aaron is infected, she knows what she’ll have to do. Claire and Kate return to camp, where Jack tells her Aaron’s fever has subsided. Claire then takes out the bootie that she found in the bunker and gives it to Aaron.
Meanwhile, Jack and Locke are trying to decide what to do about their new prisoner, Henry Gale. Locke gives Henry a copy of the Fyodor Dostoyevsky novel The Brothers Karamazov. Henry remarks “Dostoevsky, you don’t have any Stephen King?”. Locke tells Jack that Ernest Hemingway wanted to be the greatest writer in the world, but felt that he could never escape being in the shadow of Dostoevsky.
Mr. Eko visits the bunker during this time and figures out what is going on. He asks Jack to let him visit with the prisoner, alone, and Jack agrees after Eko implies that he will tell the rest of the camp otherwise. Eko tells Henry about the two men he killed when they tried to abduct him from his camp. Henry asks why Eko is telling him, and Eko replies that he had to tell someone. Eko then cuts two knots out of his beard and leaves.
Locke brings dinner to Henry, who strikes up a conversation about Hemingway and Dostoyevsky. Henry has heard the earlier talk about the authors through the thin walls. Henry asks Locke who he relates to more, but Locke does not have an answer. He then asks Locke why he lets Jack call the shots, but Locke insists that he and Jack make decisions together. Locke locks up Henry and returns to the bunker’s kitchen, where he loses his temper and violently sweeps the dishes off the counter (which could be heard by Henry Gale).
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Maternity Leave (Lost)

v?d?eLost
Production
Cast ? Episode list ? Music ? Season 1 ? Season 2 ? Season 3 ? Season 4 ? Season 5
Main characters
Ana Lucia ? Ben ? Boone ? Charlie ? Charlotte ? Claire ? Desmond ? Faraday ? Hurley ? Jack ? Jin ? JulietKate ? Libby ? Locke ? Michael ? Miles ? Mr. Eko ? Nikki and Paulo ? Sawyer ? Sayid ? Shannon ? Sun ? Walt
Supporting characters
Alex ? Bernard ? Christian ? Ethan ? Keamy ? Richard ? Rose ? Rousseau ? Tom
Groups
Dharma Initiative ? Hanso Foundation ? Oceanic Airlines ? The Others
Miscellaneous
Awards ? Find 815 ? Lost Experience ? Lost: Missing Pieces ? Lostpedia ? Lost: Via Domus ? Mythology

v?d?eLost episodes
Season 1
“Pilot” “Tabula Rasa” “Walkabout” “White Rabbit” “House of the Rising Sun” “The Moth” “Confidence Man” “Solitary” “Raised by Another” “All the Best Cowboys Have Daddy Issues” “Whatever the Case May Be” “Hearts and Minds” “Special” “Homecoming” “Outlaws” “n Translation” “Numbers” “Deus Ex Machina” “Do No Harm” “The Greater Good” “Born to Run” “Exodus”
Season 2
“Man of Science, Man of Faith” “Adrift” “Orientation” “Everybody Hates Hugo” “nd Found” “Abandoned” “The Other 48 Days” “Collision” “What Kate Did” “The 23rd Psalm” “The Hunting Party” “Fire + Water” “The Long Con” “One of Them” “Maternity Leave” “The Whole Truth” “Lockdown” “Dave” “S.O.S.” “Two for the Road” “?” “Three Minutes” “Live…

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Wire Binding is one of the most popular commercial book binding methods used in North America and is known by a number of different names including twin loop wire, wire-o, double loop wire, double-o, ring wire and wirebind. With this binding method, users insert their punched pages onto a “C” shaped spine and then use a wire closer to squeeze the spine until it is round.. Documents that are bound with wire binding will open completely flat on a desk and allow for 360 degree rotation of bound pages.
Contents
1 Hole Patterns / Pitches:
1.1 3:1 Pitch (3 Holes Per Inch)
1.2 2:1 Pitch (2 Holes Per Inch)
1.3 19 Loop Wire
2 Wire Binding Process
3 Wire Binding Equipment
4 References
//
Hole Patterns / Pitches:
There are three common hole patterns used in binding documents with double loop wire. Each hole pattern has specific sizes and applications where it is best suited. Here is a quick overview of the different options…
3:1 Pitch (3 Holes Per Inch)
The three to one pitch hole pattern is most commonly used for binding small sized documents with double loop wire. Spines for this binding style are available in sizes between 3/16″ and 9/16″ in diameter. Three to one pitch wires are not available in sizes larger than 9/16″. The size of the holes used with this pattern simply does not allow for larger spines to be manufacturered. The hole pattern used for 3:1 pitch wire binding can use either square or round holes.
2:1 Pitch (2 Holes Per Inch)
Although a two to one pitch hole pattern is most commonly used for binding larger sized documents it can also be used for binding smaller diameter books. Two to one pitch wire is most commonly found in sizes ranging from 5/8″ up to 1-1/4″. However, a couple of manufacturers make special small sized 2:1 pitch wire for binding documents as small as 1/4″.. The holes for this type of binding are normally rectangular but can sometimes be square or round depending on the manufacturer of the punching equipment that you use.
19 Loop Wire
In the past, some comb binding machines would come with a wire closer. These machines were designed to be used with 19 loop wire. Nineteen loop wire is designed to be used with a plastic comb binding pattern. This hole pattern will have longer rectangular holes that are 9/16″ on center. This style of binding used to be referred to as Ibiwire which was Ibico’s name for this style of binding. However, when Ibico was purchased by the General Binding Corporation these type of supplies were discontinued. Today, 19-loop wire is commonly called Spiral-O Wire..
Wire Binding Process
Binding documents using the double loop wire involves five basic steps. These steps include …”
Assemble your document including covers and measure the book to determine the correct size of spine.
Set up your binding machine so that the holes are correctly centred on your paper.
Separate your document into appropriate sections and punch it using your wire binding machine or modular binding punch.
Hang the pages of your document onto the “C” shaped wire spines.
After carefully moving the pages of your document over to the wire closer, use the machine to squeeze the spine together until the “C” shape becomes an “O” shape.
Wire Binding Equipment
In order to bind documents with double loop wire a binding machine and a wire closer are required. Smaller organizations will often choose a small manual wire binding machine that offers a manual hole punch and a built in wire closer. Medium sized users will often choose a wire binding machine with an electric punch and built in wire closer. The highest volume wire binding users such as binderies, print shops and in-plant printers will usually separate the punching and finishing stages of the binding process in order to increase productivity. These users will often use a heavy duty modular interchangeable die punch or an automated punching system along with either a manual or an electric wire closing machine.
References
^ “An Introduction to Twin Loop Wire Binding”. http://www.mybinding.com/.sc/ms/ch/An-Introduction-to-Twin-Loop-Wire-Binding.html. Retrieved on 2008-03-27.
^ “Using a 2:1 Pitch Wire Binding Machine to Bind Small Sized Books”. http://www.mybinding.com/.sc/ms/ch/Using-A-Two-To-One-Pitch-Wire-Binding-Machine-To-Bind-Small-Sized-Books.html. Retrieved on 2008-03-27.
^ “Wire Binding With a Comb Binding Machine”. http://www.mybinding.com/.sc/ms/ch/Wire-Binding-With-A-Comb-Binding-Machine-Using-Spiral-O-Wire-Binding-Supplies.html. Retrieved on 2008-03-27.
^ “How to Bind Documents With Wire-O Binding”. http://www.mybinding.com/.sc/ms/ch/How-to-Bind-Documents-with-Wireo-Binding.html. Retrieved on 2008-03-27.
Categories: Book art stubs
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Tiger Corporation (Japanese: ??????????? Taig? Mah?bin Kabushiki Gaisha) is a Japanese multinational manufacturer and marketer of vacuum flasks and consumer electronics including electric water boilers and rice cookers. It has subsidiary companies in China, Taiwan, and the United States.
History
The company was founded in February 1923 as Kikuchi Manufacturing Company in Nishi-ku, Osaka and manufactured Tiger brand vacuum flasks. In 1953, the company name was changed to Tiger Vacuum Bottle Ind, Co., Ltd., in 1983 to Tiger Vacuum Bottle Co., Ltd., and in 1998 to its present name, Tiger Corporation.
Products
As of 2006[update], Tiger produces and markets rice cookers, vacuum flasks (thermoses), electric grills, insulated jugs, insulated lunch boxes, ice buckets (pails), electric mochi makers, mochi cutters, and air purifiers with ionizers.
External links
Tiger Worldwide corporate website

v?d?eConsumer electronics in Japan
Advantest Akai Alaxala Networks Alps Alpine Anritsu Aiwa AOR (company) Brother Canon Casio Citizen Watch Copal Clarion (car audio) Daikin Industries Denon Denso DNP Eizo Elpida Epson Fanuc Fostex Fuji Electric Fuji Xerox Fujifilm Fujitsu Funai Futaba Hamamatsu Photonics Hitachi Horiba HOYA Icom Iwatsu JEOL JRC JVC Kawai Kenwood Keyence Kiramek Konica Minolta Korg Kyocera Luxman Mabuchi Motor Mamiya Marantz Maspro Maxell Melco Mimaki Minebea Mitsubishi Mitsumi Murata Manufacturing Mutoh Nakamichi National NEC Nichia Nikon Nintendo Nitto Denko Oki Olympus OMRON Onkyo Orion Electric Quasar Panasonic Pentax Pioneer Pixela Plextor Renesas Ricoh Rohm Roland Rubycon (company) Sansui Sanyo Seiko Sega Sharp Shimadzu SII Sony Stax Sumitomo Electric Sigma Taiyo Yuden TEAC TDK Technics Tiger Toshiba Uniden Yaesu Yagi-Uda Yamaha Yaskawa Yokogawa Zojirushi Zuken
Categories: Japanese company stubs | Home appliance brands | Home appliance manufacturers | Small appliance manufacturers | Companies established in 1923 | Companies headquartered in Osaka | Multinational companies
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Main article: Royal Observer Corps

ROC post observers in an underground monitoring post during a Cold War training exercise. The BPI dial can be seen in the background with a teletalk, FSM radiac instrument and a WB400 receiver on the desk
The Royal Observer Corps (ROC) was a civil defence organisation operating in the United Kingdom between October 1925 and 31 December 1995, when the Corps’ civilian volunteers were stood down. (ROC headquarters staff at RAF Bentley Priory stood down on 31 March 1996). Composed mainly of civilian spare-time volunteers, ROC personnel wore a Royal Air Force (RAF) style uniform and latterly came under the administrative control of RAF Strike Command and the operational control of the Home Office. Civilian volunteers were trained and administered by a small cadre of professional full-time officers under the command of the Commandant Royal Observer Corps; a serving RAF Air Commodore.
This sub article lists and describes the instruments used by the ROC in their nuclear detection and reporting role during the Cold War period.
Contents
1 Initial detection of nuclear bursts on the UK
2 Static measurement of ionising radiation
3 Portable measurement of radiation during Mobile Monitoring missions
4 Measurement of personal absorptions
5 References
6 See also
//
Initial detection of nuclear bursts on the UK
Atomic Weapons Detection Recognition and Estimation of Yield known as AWDREY was a desk mounted automatic instrument, located at controls, that detected nuclear explosions and indicated the estimated size in megatons. Operating by measuring the level of electro magnetic pulse (EMP) the instruments were tested daily by wholetime ROC officers and regularly reacted to the EMP from lightning strikes during thunderstorms. AWDREY was designed and built by the Atomic Weapons Establishment at Aldermaston and tested for performance and accuracy on real nuclear explosions at the 1957 Kiritimati (or Christmas Island) nuclear bomb test (after being mounted onboard a ship). Reports following a reading on AWDREY were prefixed with the codeword “Tocsin Bang”.
The Bomb Power Indicator or BPI consisted of a peak overpressure gauge with a dial that would register when the pressure wave from a nuclear explosion passed over the post. When related to the distance of the explosion from the post this pressure would indicate the power of the explosion. Reports following a reading on the BPI were preceded by the codeword “Tocsin”.
The Ground Zero Indicator, or GZI or shadowgraph, consisted of four horizontally mounted cardinal compass point pinhole cameras within a metal drum, each ‘camera’ contained a sheet of photosensitive paper on which were printed horizontal and vertical calibration lines. The flash from a nuclear explosion would produce a mark on one or two of the papers within the drum. The position of the mark enabled the bearing and height of the burst to be estimated. With triangulation between neighbouring posts these readings would give an accurate height and position. The altitude of the explosion was important because a ground or near ground burst would produce radioactive fallout, whereas an air burst would produce only short distance and short lived initial radiations (but no fallout).
Static measurement of ionising radiation
The Radiac Survey Meter No 2 or RSM was a 1955 meter which counted the particles produced by radioactive decay. This meter suffered from a number of disadvantages: it required three different types of obsolete batteries, it also contained delicate valves that were liable to failure and it had to be operated from outside the protection of the post. These were favored as they had been tested on fallout in Australia after the Operation Buffalo nuclear tests, and remained in use until 1982 by commissioning a manufacturer to regularly produce special production runs of the obsolete batteries. Within the ROC the RSM was only used at post sites for three years when it was superseded in 1958 by the FSM and the RSM retained only for post attack mobile monitoring missions.
The Fixed Survey Meter or FSM introduced in 1958, could be operated from within the post with a cable leading to the detector mounted externally and protected by a polycarbinate dome. The FSM used the same obsolete high voltage batteries as the RSM. In 1985 this instrument was replaced by the PDRM 82(F).
The PDRM82 (F) was the fixed desktop version of the new Portable Dose Rate Meter, that were manufactured by Plessey and introduced during the 1980s, gave more accurate readings and used standard ‘D’ cell torch batteries that lasted many times longer, up to 400 hours of operation. The compact and robust instruments were housed in sturdy orange coloured polycarbinate cases and had clear liquid crystal displays. The PDRM82 (F) had a remote sensor, mounted above ground under a polycarbinate dome and connected down a steel probe-pipe to the instrument by a coaxial cable.
Portable measurement of radiation during Mobile Monitoring missions
The Radiac Survey Meter No 2 or RSM was a 1955 meter which counted the particles produced by radioactive decay. Having been superseded within the ROC by the Fixed Survey Meter the RSM remained in use only for post attack mobile monitoring missions in a post attack period.
The PDRM82 or Portable Dose Rate Meter was the standard portable version of the new meters, that were manufactured by Plessey and introduced during the 1980s, giving more accurate readings and using standard ‘D’ cell torch batteries that lasted many times longer, up to 400 hours of operation. The compact and robust instruments were housed in sturdy orange coloured polycarbinate cases and had clear liquid crystal displays. The radiac sensor was self contained within the casing.
Measurement of personal absorptions
The Dosimeter pocket meters were issued to individual observers for measuring their personal levels of radiation absorption during operations. Three different grades of dosimeter were used, depending on ambient radiation levels. The original hand wound and temperamental dosimeter charging units were replaced during the 1980s by battery operated automatic charging units.
References
^ AWDREY and other instruments can be seen here
See also
Royal Observer Corps
Bomb Power Indicator
Ground Zero Indicator
Fixed Survey Meter
Categories: Royal Observer Corps | Cold War military equipment of the United Kingdom | Cold War | Measuring instruments

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A threaded pipe plug; note that the threaded portion is tapered and so touches the calipers at only two points.
A threaded pipe is a pipe with screw-threaded ends for assembly.
Contents
1 Tapered threads
2 Straight threads
3 See also
4 External links
//
Tapered threads
The threaded pipes used in some plumbing installations for the delivery of gases or fluids under pressure have a threaded section that is slightly conical (in contrast to the cylindrical section commonly found on bolts and power screws). This is called a “tapered thread”. The seal provided by a threaded pipe joint depends upon the labyrinth seal created by the threads; upon a positive seal between the threads created by the deformation of the threads when they are tightened to the proper torque; and sometimes on the presence of a sealing coating such as Teflon tape, or a liquid or paste pipe sealant.. Tapered thread joints typically do not include a gasket.
Especially precise threads are known as “dry fit” or “dry seal” meaning that no sealant is required for a gas-tight seal. Such threads are needed where the sealant would contaminate or react with the media inside the piping, e.g., oxygen service.
Due to the taper (cone) of the thread, when tapered threads are cut by a tap or a die, the amount of material being cut increases as the length of the thread is increased, and the force required to cut the thread therefore increases. It is therefore common to use powered tools when cutting tapered threads in pipes with diameters greater than one inch.
Tapered threaded fittings are sometimes used on plastic piping. Due to the wedging effect of the tapered thread, extreme care must be used to avoid overstressing the female component of the joint. Such fittings may split days, weeks, or even years after initial installation, and therefore many municipal plumbing codes restrict the use of threaded plastic pipe fittings.
Straight threads
Pipes may also be threaded with cylindrical threaded sections, in which case the threads do not themselves provide any sealing function other than some labyrinth seal effect, which may not be enough to satisfy either functional or code requirements. In these cases the seal may be provided by an O-ring seated between the shoulder of the male pipe section and an interior surface on the female part.
See also
AN thread
British standard pipe thread (BSP)
Buttress Thread Form
National pipe thread (NPT)
Nipple (plumbing)
O-Ring Boss Seal
Pipe (material)
Plumbing
RIDGID, notable manufacturer of pipe threaders
Taps and dies
External links
NPT Vs. NPTF Taper Pipe Threads
Newman Tools Inc. and J.W. WINCO, INC. show the Whitworth form BSP or ISO pipe thread.
Categories: Piping | Plumbing

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Pilgrims visiting the Well
The Well of Zamzam (or the Zamzam Well, or just Zamzam; Arabic: ?????) is a well located within the Masjid al Haram in Mecca, 20 meters east of the Kaaba, the holiest place in Islam. According to Islamic belief, it was a miraculously-generated source of water from Allah (God), which began thousands of years ago when Ibrahim’s infant son Ishmael was thirsty and kept crying for water and was kicking at the ground when water gushed out. Millions of pilgrims visit the Well each year while performing the Hajj or Umrah pilgrimages, in order to drink its water. By Saudi law, the water cannot be sold outside of the kingdom, but because of strong demand there is a thriving market in fake Zamzam water in other countries.
Contents
1 Muslims’ Belief of how Zamzam was found
2 History
3 Technical information
4 Commercial sale of Zamzam
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
//
Muslims’ Belief of how Zamzam was found
Islamic history states that Zamzam Well was revealed to Hajar, the wife of Abraham (Ibrahim) and mother of Ismael, around the year 2000 BC. According to Islamic tradition, she was desperately seeking water for her infant son, but could find none, as Mecca is located in a hot dry valley with few other sources of water. Muslim traditions say that Hajar ran seven times back and forth in the scorching heat between the two hills of Safa and Marwah, looking for water. Getting thirstier by the second, her son, Ishmael, anxiously scrapped the land with his feet, where suddenly water sprang out. There are other versions of the story involving Allah sending his angel, Gabriel, who touched the ground where water rose.
The name of the well comes from the phrase Zom? Zom?, meaning top flowing, a command repeated by Hajar during her attempt to contain the spring water.
According to Islamic tradition, Abraham rebuilt the Bait-ul-Allah (House of Allah) at the site of the well, a building which had been originally constructed by Adam, and today is called the Kaaba, a building towards which all Muslims around the world face in prayer, five times each day. The Zamzam well is located approximately 20 meters east of the Kaaba.
History
According to Islam Online, the well originally had two cisterns in the first era, one for drinking and one for ablution. At that time, it was a simple well surrounded by a fence of stones. Then in the era of the Abbasid caliph Abu Ja`far Al-Mansur (771 AD / 149 AH) a dome was built above the well, and it was tiled with marble. In 775 AD (153 AH), Al-Mahdi rebuilt the well again during his caliphate, and built a dome of teak which was covered with mosaic. One small dome covered the Well, and a larger dome covered the room for the pilgrims. In 835 AD / 213 AH there was further restoration, and the dome was covered with marble during the caliphate of Al-Mu`tasim.
In 1417 (795 AH), during the time of the Mamluks, the Mosque was damaged by fire, and required restoration. Further restoration occurred in 1430 (808 AH), and again in 1499 (877 AH) during the time of Sultan Qaitbai, when the marble was replaced.
In modern times, the most extensive restoration took place to the dome during the era of the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II in 1915 (1333 AH). To facilitate crowd control, the building housing the Zamzam was moved away from its original location, to get it out of the way of the Tawaf, when millions of pilgrims would circumambulate the Kaaba. The water of the well is now pumped to the eastern part of the Mosque, where it was made available in separate locations for men and women.
Technical information
The Zamzam well was excavated by hand, and is about 30 meters deep and 1.08 to 2.66 meters in diameter. It taps groundwater from the wadi alluvium and some from the bedrock. Originally water from the well was drawn via ropes and buckets, but today the well itself is in a basement room where it can be seen behind glass panels (visitors are not allowed to enter). Electric pumps draw the water, which is available throughout the Masjid via water fountains and dispensing containers near the Tawaf area.
Hydrogeologically, the well is in the Wadi Ibrahim (Valley of Abraham). The upper half of the well is in the sandy alluvium of the valley, lined with stone masonry except for the top meter which has a concrete “collar”. The lower half is in the bedrock. Between the alluvium and the bedrock is a half-meter section of permeable weathered rock, lined with stone, and it is this section that provides the main water entry into the well. Water in the well comes from absorbed rainfall in the Wadi Ibrahim, as well as runoff from the local hills. Since the area has become more and more settled, water from absorbed rainfall on the Wadi Ibrahim has decreased.
The Saudi Geological Survey has a “Zamzam Studies and Research Centre” which analyzes the technical properties of the well in detail. Water levels were monitored by hydrograph, which in more recent times has changed to a digital monitoring system that tracks the water level, electric conductivity, pH, Eh, and temperature. All of this information is made continuously available via the Internet. Other wells throughout the valley have also been established, some with digital recorders, to monitor the response of the local aquifer system.
The water level is 3.23 meters (about 10.59 ft) below the surface. A pumping test at 8000 liters/second for more than a 24 hour period showed a drop in water level from 3.23 meters below surface to 12.72 meters and then to 13.39 meters, after which the water level stopped receding. When pumping stopped, the water level recovered to 3.9 meters below surface only 11 minutes later. This data shows that the aquifer feeding the well seems to recharge from rock fractures in neighboring mountains around Mecca.[citation needed]
Zamzam Water has no color or smell, but it has a distinct taste, and its pH is 7.98.0, indicating that it is alkaline to some extent, like seawater.
A study conducted in American laboratories showed that traces of thirty elements were identified in Zamzam water by means of energizing neutrons. Some of these elements scored less than 0.01.
After matching up the chemical analysis to international specifications, especially to the specifications of the World Health Organization (WHO), results proved the potability of Zamzam water as well as its beneficial effect on the body health. Additionally, sodium is very high in Zamzam water and the international specifications do not put a limit to the measurement of its composition.
Minerals Percentages
Calcium 198
Magnesium 43.7
Chloride 335
Sulfur 370
Iron 0.15
Manganese 0.15
Copper 0.12
(Analysis of a study conducted in the laboratory of the Department of Water and Waste Water Treatment, the Western Province, Saudi Arabia, 1400 H.E.)
Commercial sale of Zamzam

In Europe, Zamzam is frequently encountered in bottles such as these
The Saudi government, which controls the Hijaz and Mecca, has prohibited the commercial export of Zamzam from the kingdom. However, there is a strong commercial demand for Zamzam which resulted in commercial distribution of fake Zamzam along with alleged Zamzam in many countries.
Notes
^ a b c d e “Zamzam Studies and Research Centre”. Saudi Geological Survey. http://www.sgs.org.sa/index.cfm?sec=311&page=. Retrieved on 2005-06-05.
^ Bob Trubshaw (February 1993). “The Black Stone - the Omphalos of the Goddess” ([dead link] Scholar search). Mercian Mysteries (No. 14). http://www.indigogroup.co.uk/edge/blstone.htm.
^ a b c d Shil, Mahmoud Isma`il & `Abdul-Wahid, `Abdur-Rahman. “The Well of Zam zam”. IslamOnline. http://www.islamonline.net/English/hajj/Landmarks/1425/08.shtml….

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Wrong Turn 2: Dead End
Directed by
Joe Lynch
Produced by
Jeff FreilichErik Feig
Written by
Turi MeyerAl Septien
Starring
Erica LeerhsenHenry RollinsTexas BattleKimberly Caldwell
Music by
Bear McCreary
Cinematography
Robin Loewen
Editing by
Ed Marx
Distributed by
Fox Home Entertainment
Release date(s)
October 9, 2007
Running time
93 minutes
Country
CanadaUnited States
Language
English
Budget
$4,000,000
Preceded by
Wrong Turn
Wrong Turn 2: Dead End is a 2007 horror film which stars Erica Leerhsen, Henry Rollins and Texas Battle. It is a sequel to the 2003 horror film Wrong Turn which starred Desmond Harrington and Eliza Dushku, and has been available on DVD since October 9, 2007. The film was commercially successful and received positive response from the critics.
Contents
1 Cast
2 Plot
3 Production
4 Soundtrack
5 Release and Box Office
6 Response
7 References
8 External links
//
Cast
Erica Leerhsen Nina Papas
Henry Rollins Dale Murphy
Texas Battle Jake Washington
Daniella Alonso Amber
Steve Braun Jonesy
Aleksa Palladino Mara
Matthew Currie Holmes Michael
Crystal Lowe Elena
Kimberly Caldwell Kimberly
Wayne Robson Old Man
Plot
Nine years after the events of the first film, Wrong Turn 2 opens with a contestant Kimberly, a spoiled celebrity who’s running late for her appearance on a Survivor-like reality television show. Losing her bearings in the mountains of West Virginia and while complaining to her agent on the phone, she accidentally hits someone with her car. Visibly shaken, she goes to help him, unaware that the victim is a mutated cannibal. After attempting to help, “Brother” bites her lips off while the surviving cannibal from the first film, Three-Finger, cuts her vertically in half with an axe as she stumbles back to her car. The two cannibals each drag half of her body away.
As the opening titles roll, we meet with five strangers, Nina, the goth, loner girl; Jake, the athletic, kind hearted guy; Jonesy, the goofy joker; Elena, the slutty “hot chick”; and Amber, the hardass military girl. They are competing in the reality show called “Apocalypse: Ultimate Survivalist” with a theme that it takes place at the end of the world. The show is hosted by retired military commander, Dale Murphy (Rollins), who makes them give up all outside communication before starting. After Kimberly doesn’t show up, the show’s producer Mara steps into her place. As they move into the forest, the surviving cannibal from the first movie attacks and kills Neil, one of the show’s producers. He then knocks out and captures Dale.
Mara witnesses contestant Elena performing fellatio on her boyfriend Michael. Devastated she goes with Nina to a cabin in search of a phone. There, they witness a cannibal “Ma” giving birth, and are, in turn, spotted. The girls get out of the cabin as “Sister” kicks down the door. The two run away into the woods with the cannibals chasing them. During the pursuit, Mara is hit in the head with an axe and killed as Nina hides. One of the cannibals, “Pa,” looks for her but doesn’t find her. The other cannibals drive up with Mara tied to the hood of their truck and the cannibal gets in and drive off. Nina sets off to find the others.
Down by the lake, Michael goes back to the RV and Elena stays there to tan in her underwear. A cannibal “Brother” watching her in the bushes starts masturbating but is interrupted by Sister who is furious and jealous of Elena. Sister knocks him over and he sets off an alarm. Elena hears it and starts to get dressed. Sister runs out of the bushes towards Elena who trips and falls into the lake and Sister slashes her across the back with a machete repeatedly, killing her and revealing her spine. She only stops hacking at her back when Brother comes out of the bush and they start kissing.
Back at the RV, Michael is stabbed with an arrow, taken to the cannibals’ home, and later decapitated. As Three-Finger tortures Dale, he uses a moment to his advantage, manages to escape, and shoots the mutant with a shotgun.
Amber and Jonesy find Jake at a barbecue pit. As they eat the discovered meat, a crazed Nina races up and tells her story. Jonesy then realizes it has been Kimberly’s leg that they’ve been eating after spotting her signature snake tattoo. As they run, Dale finds “The Old Man” (from the previous movie) in his cabin. Dale tells him about the cannibals and soon realizes the man is their un-mutated father. After a brief skirmish, Dale kills the old man by blowing him up with a stick of dynamite.
Amber and Jonesy are soon killed with arrows, while Nina and Jake get trapped, captured and brought…(and so on)

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A pair of typical trekking poles.
Trekking poles (also known as hiking poles, hiking sticks or walking poles) are a common hiking accessory. When in use, they resemble ski poles as they have many features in common, such as baskets at the bottom, rubber-padded handles and wrist straps. Unlike ski poles, however, they are often made in two or three sections and can be extended and retracted as necessary for use. One-piece poles are proven to be safer and more durable.[citation needed] Their maximum length is usually 135 cm (54 inches). Some poles come with spring-loaded tips to aid walking under normal conditions and to reduce wrist strain, but such devices may only add unwanted weight to the poles.[citation needed] Trekking poles are usually made from lightweight aluminum or carbon fiber. When fully retracted, they can sometimes be stored in the side pocket of a backpack.
Descendants of the common walking stick, trekking poles are usually used by hikers for the same reasons to provide some rhythm to their walking pace and for added support. On flat, smooth terrain they really aren’t necessary although using them can increase the exercise a hiker gets from the trip, as well as the speed. But on less certain terrain, or steep slopes, they provide useful lateral stability, and many turn to them for help with knee pain. They can also be used as aids when climbing rocks or boulders, to probe the depth of mud or water and facilitate a crossing. When traversing steep slopes for long distances, some hikers make one pole shorter than the other to make those trips feel more as if they were taking place on level ground. Some backpacking tents are designed to use trekking poles as tent poles. Along the same lines, trekking poles can be used to set up a Bivouac shelter. Hikers who take to snowshoes in winter find trekking poles especially useful.
Contents
1 Impact
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
//
Impact

Scratches left by poles on a rock in a wilderness area
Some hikers have complained that pole use leaves a visible impact on the surrounding trail, poking visible holes in the ground and damaging adjacent vegetation. The most common complaint is that the carbide tips leave visible white scratches on rock, and make scraping sounds. All these detract from the wilderness experience they seek.
The Appalachian Trail Conference (ATC), which estimates that pole usage rates on the Appalachian Trail vary from 90% among thru-hikers to 10-15% among day hikers, recommends several measures to mitigate the environmental impact of trekking poles in accordance with Leave No Trace principles of low-impact backcountry recreation. Hikers, it says, should not only be aware of what they put their poles into, they should remove the pole baskets unless hiking in snow and use rubber tips to avoid scratch marks on rocks. On level sections, or in areas where the potential for adverse impact is high, the ATC suggests putting the poles away entirely.
See also
Nordic walking
Walking stick
Hiking equipment
Hiking
References
^ a b Marion, Jeffrey; Teresa Martinez and Robert Proudman (Spring 2001). “Trekking Poles: Can You Save Your Knees And the Environment?”. The Register (Appalachian Trail Conference) 24 (5): 1, 10. http://www.kintera.org/atf/cf/%7BD25B4747-42A3-4302-8D48-EF35C0B0D9F1%7D/RGsprg01.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-06-09.
External links
Technique guide for using trekking poles
Categories: Hiking equipment
Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since July 2008(and so on)

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